Dozens of labourers working on the bridge are thought to have fallen into the river Chambal when it collapsed late on Thursday.
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The accident happened near the town of Kota, some 170 miles (270 km) west of Jaipur in Rajasthan.
Police Inspector General Rajeev Dasot said an inquiry had begun into the circumstances leading to the collapse of the bridge, which is being jointly built by South Korea's Hyundai Engineering and Gammon India.
Mr Dasot said it could take another three days to clear all the debris, AP news agency reported.
The government has ordered an investigation and police have arrested two project managers.
Correspondents say construction site accidents are relatively common in India, where health and safety rules are often overlooked.